THE 1970s
GENE ADCOCK - EDITOR
COMBAT CONTROL SCHOOL MOVES TO LITTLE ROCK
In 1970, Sewart AFB, Tennessee closed and the 314th Tactical Airlift Wing, the 2nd Aerial Port Squadron, the Combat Control Team and the Combat Control School all moved to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas.
E ADCO
CK - EDITOR
FIRST COMBAT CONTROLLER RETIRES
Notes from telephone interview with Chief Benini on March 7, 2008
by
Gene Adcock, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
JULY 31, 1970 - LANGLEY AFB, VA -- CMSgt Alcide S. (Bull) Benini retired today after thirty years service. The Chief was the first combat controller and the NCOIC of the very first Combat Control Team. He is pictured below as a TSgt.
TSgt Alcide S. Benini is shown (at left) in this photo of the first Combat Control Team.
Also shown are his two mentors, Captain Baker and General Douglass. They were
instrumental in arranging his transfer from the US Army to the US Air Force.
Benini left the US Army (Special Forces) on 6 January 1953, enlisted in the USAF on 10 January 1953 as an A/1C, with promotion to TSgt on the same set of orders. General Douglass promised Benini a promotion to MSgt six months after his enlistment. On 1 July 1953, TSgt Benini was promoted to MSgt, right on schedule.
The following are more highlights of Chief Benini's military career.
1970 HUMANITARIAN MISSION
HISTORIC EARTHQUAKE, PERU
by
Richard M. Eubanks
Combat Controller, Pope & Lockborne, 1966 - 1973
SUNDAY, MAY 31, 1970 - PERU -- At 27.3 seconds after 4:23 pm EDT, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake centered at 9.2° South, 78.8° West, about 22 miles west of Chimbite, a major Peruvian fishing port.
Damage reached from Chiclayo in the north to Lima in the south, but coastal towns near the epicenter and towns in the Santa River Valley to the east suffered most.
Casma, a coastal city south of the earthquake epicenter with about 13,000 population sustained severe damage to 90 percent of its structures, but had comparatively few deaths. Chimbote, north of Casma, reported almost 3,000 deaths, and sustained much damage to 70 to 80 percent of its structures. According to preliminary reports, most of the fatalities resulting from the earthquake were caused by building collapses. Townsites were too often located on alluvial fill, and dwellings were mostly of adobe.
Although the earthquake itself caused much death and damage, severe losses were also caused by a huayco which swept down the steep slopes of the Cordillera Blanca from Nevados Huascarán into the Callejón del Huaylas, a steep valley paralleling the coast. Yungay and thousands of its residents were buried under tens of feet of mud, earth, water, boulders, and debris. Huarás, capital of the Ancash Department, was struck by a huayco 29 years ago and 6,000 lives were lost. On May 31, the earthquake and its side-effects damaged more than 70 percent of the buildings in the valley city, and took an estimated 20,000 lives.
The losses in Peru have not yet been completely described. Like a grim legend, which grows grimmer with each telling, the death toll leaps upward week by week. Five days after the earthquake, Peruvian officials feared a death toll as high as 30,000. Several days later that figure was tentatively raised to 50,000. An Associated Press dispatch on July 14 said Peru’s Minister of Health now estimated the number of dead and missing persons to be 70,000. It may be impossible ever to assess fully the toll of this seismic disaster.
Property damage has been tentatively put at $530 million, but here again, the assessment is difficult. The destruction of towns like Yungay was virtually complete - how does one put a value on a community? In a country of 13 million persons, nearly a million are homeless. What is the cost of such a massive dislocation?
COMBAT CONTROL OPERATIONS - Lockborne’s (AFB, Ohio) 39th Tactical Airlift Squadron, on rotational duty at Howard AFB, Canal Zone, immediately began preparations for a massive airlift.
On June 4th, CCT SSgt Richard M. Eubanks and Sgt Leonard S. Holmes deployed to the village of Anta, Peru to set up a drop zone and begin converting a road into a landing zone. A total of 174 sorties were flown to airland 766,980 pounds of cargo and to drop more than 323,850 pounds of relief supplies. In addition, 2,827 passengers were moved, along with the evacuation of 501 earthquake survivors. Among the passengers airlifted into the earthquake area was First Lady Pat Nixon.
K - EDITOR
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR DETACHMENT 1, 56th SPECIAL OPERATIONS WING
SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMBAT CONTROL TEAM (SOCCT)
by
Rick Crutchfield, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
JULY 1970 - JULY 1971 - UDORN RTAFB, THAILAND -- The mission of the Special Operations Combat Control Team (SOCCT) was unparalleled because it deviated from conventional mission parameters and opened unique opportunities for expanded mission roles. All of the assigned team members were on published flight orders, received flight pay and flew combat missions as crew members. Although administratively assigned to Detachment 1, 56th SOW, operational tasking was issued by the Deputy Chief JUSMAG-THAI. JUSMAG-THAI operated out of the Capitol Hotel in Bangkok and administered DoD control over operations at classified locations - across the fence - in Laos.
Initially, the mission of the SOCCT was to conduct FAG training for selected military foreign nationals and indigenous personnel. the mission was to train and qualify students in the close air support (CAS) tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) used by both American and Lao air forces. Successful completion of the FAQ school was required before the students could have an operating CALL SIGN assigned, validated and registered with Air Forces headquarters in the region.
To support the mission and improve individual skills, each SOCCT member was required to periodically fly aboard and become intimately familiar with airborne battlefield command and control center (ABCCC) aircraft operations. This dramatically improved mission skills and coordination between the SOCCT, ABCCC and the Forward Air Guides on the ground. In addition, SOCCT members were often deployed across the fence for area familiarization rides with Raven FACs, Air America and Continental crews and to gain experience at scores of Lima Sites in scattered around the countryside.
The training of foreign nationals was challenged by differences in language skills and the FAG course perquisite to adequately communicate in English. Continental Air Service (CAS) contacts often tried to by-pass established language criteria by inviting other students to jointly function as interpreters. Consequently unqualified students were eliminated at initial interviews, as school standards were strictly enforced.
The FAG school curriculum consisted of academic classes, sandbox exercises - utilizing the FAG check list, attacking terrain lockup targets and culminated in a live fire mission where students were required to demonstrate the capability to put ordnance on live, bombing range targets. Upon graduation, the Team Leader would deploy to a classified location with the new FAGs and complete the validation process – in real world operations. In addition to these activities, team members often deployed to classified location and conducted blocks of FAG training for foreign nationals, in conjunction with Special Forces training courses.
Another high-priority tasking for SOCCT was the air traffic control mission at a clandestine airfield that was used for training and qualifying foreign nationals as T-28 and C-47 pilots. A lower priority mission was a team deployment with Thai Border Police Forces to participate civic action missions. SOCCT parachute demonstrations would draw large crowds where money was raised to support local temples and schools.
ADCOC
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR K - EDITOR
SPECIAL OPERATIONS SUPPORT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
compiled and edited by
Gene Adcock, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
Combat controllers
were involved in scores of special operations missions, in particular - beacon
bombing and the development of the gunship tactics. Many of
the missions are still veiled in secrecy. The following is from a declassified report.
1972 - 1973 - KINGDOM OF LAOS - SOUTHEAST ASIA - The following excerpts are from the declassified report titled: F-111/AN/PPN-18 - BEACON EMPLOYMENT IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. It
is one example of the combat operations engaged by Combat
Controllers. The document was provided by Cass Seymore, SMSgt,
USAF (CCT) Retired.
The
following are selected pages from
the twenty-three page report that is now on file at the Combat
Control School.
A companion document - the fourteen page PROJECT CORONA HARVEST END-OF-TOUR REPORT
(September 1972 - April 1973),
by Major General James D. Hughes -
amplifies the following information. The Hughes report is NOT shown in this historical report
but is on
file at the Combat Control School's Benini Heritage Center. (From Cass Seymore collection.)
Combat
Controllers assigned to Detachment 1, 56th Special Operations Wing at
Udorn RTAFB, Thailand traveled on Blanket TDY Orders -
for UP COUNTRY
OPERATIONS - in Laos. While in Laos, they traveled in
civilian clothes. Here is a sample from January
1973.
Quite
often, they were deployed in support of beacon bombing operations. (From Cass Seymore collection)
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR 
In 1969, the 1st Special Operations Wing left England AFB, LA moving to Hurlburt Field, FL; leaving behind a nine-man CCT
to
support the 4410th Special Operations Training Group (see left shoulder
patch on McRae.) Most of the team is shown here during
the
jumpmaster briefing on 23 October 1972 - just before a Armed Forces Day
demonstration jump. Combat controllers shown from
left to right
are SSgt Mike Takach, TSgt Carl Roberts (elbow only), TSgt Howard "Sky" King, unknown, Jumpmaster MSgt Beverly F.
"Bill" McRae, and SMSgt Gene Adcock. Those in flight suits are C-47 aircrew. (From the Adcock collection)
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR PPN-18 BEACON EMPLOYMENT
LAOS/CAMBODIA
Transcribed from an After Action Report
by
Cass Seymore, SMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
OCTOBER 1972 - MARCH 1973 - DETACHMENT 1, 56th SPECIAL OPERATIONS WING, UDORN RTAFB, THAILAND - AN/PPN-18 Radar Transponder Beacons were deployed to assist aircraft targeting in support of ground operations in both Laos and Cambodia. According to now declassified reports, some 2400 bombing missions were conducted using the PPN-18 beacons, with a 91% success rate.
The first beacon was deployed by Det 1, 56th SOW/CCT to Skyline Ridge located on the ridge line above the Long Tieng valley in Laos. Long Tieng - aka Lima Site 20-Alternate (LS-20A) - was the headquarters of a SECRET CIA Air Base; it controlled most combat operations in northern Laos. LS-20A was also the headquarters for Hmong General Vang Pao, his volunteer army and some Thai-Controlled American Source mercenarys. A large fleet of Air America (AA) and other (CAS) aircraft flew out of 20-Alternate. Skyline Ridge, a mountain top overlooking the 20-Alternate valley, was probably the single-most contested piece of real estate in Laos. It withstood virtually constant mortar and troop assaults for years.Skyline Ridge was the fence kept the Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese out of 20A. The living conditions on the Skyline were horrendous but if offered some great views of the Plaine Des Jarres (PDJ), to the north and the 20A valley below.
The living
conditions on the Skyline were horrendous but if offered some great
views of the
Plaine Des Jarres (PDJ) to the north and the Long Tieng (20A) valley to the south.
(From Cass Seymore collection - circa 1972)
The view of the PDJ was spectacular from Skyline ridge.
(From Cass Seymore collection - circa 1972)
At 20A the CCT was given a small shack in the village behind the AA/CAS operations center; there they set up Red Dog Control. (Seymore said he never knew the origin of the call sign; since previous CCT call signs in Laos had always been Bluebonnet.) At Red Dog Control the CCT tracked deployed PPN-18s, power supplies and assisted in targeting (primarily F-111s, Buffs and an occasional flight of Wolves). Most beacon insertions originated at 20A and the team was most often flown by AA or CAS assets.
They dressed the part and flew on Porters, Bells, H-34s, Heliocouriers, Buffalos and a variety of odd aircraft. Beacon insertions were usually a one-man operation. The beacon sites were traditionally spartan, dirty and undermanned. The CCT was always welcomed because they carried a device that helped kick enemy ass and saved friendly lives.
In November 1972, Seymore deployed to Bouam Long (LS-32). The site was located north of the PDJ. LS-32 was important because it blocked access to many of the friendly military sites to the south, including the PDJ and 20A. It was here that Seymore encountered one of the most bizarre contradictions of a wartime environment.
Keep in mind, Bouam Long was a mountain top encampment, the site was essentially surrounded by Pathel Lao and NVA units. Ground and mortal assaults were a daily occurrence. Resupply, including food and water, was strictly by air and there was never enough to satisfy the small garrison.
Despite these incredible hardships, these mountain people managed to conduct what Seymore described as a most unusual courtship ritual. The ritual was seldom conducted; but his timing was perfect and they allowed him to watch. The women of marrying age dressed in some amazing finery, including intricate silver jewelry (their dowry) and colorful head dresses. In the ritual, they formed a line facing their suitors - soldiers were wearing fatigues and carrying weapons. During the courtship ritual, couples would toss a small rubber ball, while chattering back and forth. The whole process was supervised by the older matrons to insure no irregularities occurred. Seymore had never seen anything like it - and to watch it - under wartime conditions was a rare opportunity.
Throughout
the war in Southeast Asia, combat controllers played a crucial role.
Their special skills and adaptability made the assigned call sign - Tailpipe -
a welcome voice on the radio.
Tailpipe became a permanent
call sign and is still used today to identify Combat Controllers.
Tailpipe Combat Air Traffic Control Frequency Chart
(From Don Horton collection)
FIRST IN, LAST OUT
APRIL 1975 - SAIGON, SOUTH VIETNAM -- Controllers continued to be a vital part of the war effort right up to the fall and evacuation of the capital cities of South Vietnam and Cambodia.
True to the motto, “First in, last out,” a Combat Controller - MSgt Lewis O. Brabham - was the last American to be evacuated from the American Embassy in Saigon. For more details visit the link below.
http://8thmob.org/member.photos/stanford.ron/PITSENBARGER%20AWARD%20GOES%20TO%20BRABHAM.doc
VIETNAM SILVER STARS WINNERS
Extracted from the CCA Newsletter, August 2002
by
T. Eugene Willett
On July 2002, I presented a list of Combat Controllers awarded Silver Stars during the Vietnam War to the Combat Control School. The list of 22 names was engraved on a metal plague mounted in a shadow box that included a Silver Star medal. In addition to the names and ranks of the recipients, the plaque had the date and location of each event.
DATE NAME LOCATION
November 12, 1965 A2C Keith Fabian Ap Bau Bang, Vietnam
November 21, 1965 Captain Robert T. Schneidenbach Classified Location, Laos
February 23, 1968 Captain Hayden F. Sears, Jr. Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam
February 25, 1968 Sgt David L. McCracken Khe Sanh, Vietnam
February 25, 1968 TSgt Thomas J. Monley Khe Sanh, Vietnam
February 25, 1968 SSgt Edwin L. Rhodes Khe Sanh, Vietnam
February 25, 1968 A1C Walter J. Smith Khe Sanh, Vietnam
March 30, 1968 Major Donald R. Strobaugh Khe Sanh, Vietnam
May 12, 1968 TSgt Morton J. Freedman Kham Duc, Vietnam
May 12, 1968 Sgt James G. Lundie Kham Duc, Vietnam
September 24, 1968 Sgt Rudolph A. Elizondo Katum, Vietnam
September 24, 1968 Captain Kent L. Helber Katum, Vietnam
September 24, 1968 Sgt Billie W. Slayton Katum, Vietnam
June 23-24, 1970 SSgt Peter D. Holt Bo Kheo, Cambodia
June 23-24, 1970 SSgt Cesar A. Urenda Bo Kheo, Cambodia
June 23-24, 1970 Sgt Kenneth L. Copeland Boung Long, Cambodia
June 23-24, 1970 SSgt Donald W. East Boung Long, Cambodia
June 23-24, 1970 Captain Donald R. Howie Boung Long, Cambodia
April 29, 1975 MSgt Lewis O. Brabham, Jr. Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam
April 29, 1975 Sgt James D. Burch Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam
April 29, 1975 SSgt Guy T. Fagan Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam
April 29, 1975 Sgt John E. Lebold Tan Son Nhut AB, Vietnam
Editor's Note: This list includes only those Combat Controllers who were awarded the Silver Star during the Vietnam War.
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR POST VIETNAM
by
Bookmark for future expansion
With the Vietnam draw down, the US military demobilized and the Air Force struggled to maintain combat readiness that was hampered by massive funding cuts. Tactical airlift and special operations once again took a back seat to long-range strategic bombers and ICBMs.
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR CK - EDITOR
1972 HUMANITARIAN MISSION
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA INTERNATIONAL RELIEF EFFORT
by
Rick Crutchfield, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
DECEMBER 23, 1972 - MANAGUA, NICARAGUA -- Listed as one of the worst disasters of the year, an earthquake devastated the Nicaraguan capital just days before Christmas. The magnitude 6.2 quake was listed as the most lethal on record for the western hemisphere - above South America. Hundreds of aftershocks were recorded - two exceeding magnitude 5 - within an hour of the main shock. As many as 7,000 were thought to have perished, 15,000 injured and more than 200,000 were left homeless by the quake.
Combat Controllers from the 436 MAW, Dover AFB, DE participated in the two month relief effort in Managua. Shortly after the quake, the Dover team was sent to the Mercedes Airport, in support of the Airlift Control Element (ALCE); where they provided both Air Traffic Control and long-haul communications. They exercised positive control over extremely high-density international relief aircraft traffic during the deployment. Despite language barriers and uncooperative, non-allied aircraft’s disregard of ground control instructions - that often closed taxiways - the flow went uninterrupted and a traffic count of more that 600 was recorded on the opening day. Dover’s CCT MSgts Rick Crutchfield and Alvin Huddleston were part of the initial deployment from Dover. When they arrived they joined forces with Combat Controllers SSgt Dave Henry and Sgt Norman Higaki who had arrived just hours before from Howard AFB, Panama.
HERITAGE 50s 60s 70s 80s 90s 00s DIST GRADS LINKS RECRUITING TEST SPONSOR
DASH-18 CANOPY SLEEVED FOR FREE-FALL
by
Gene Adcock, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
OCTOBER 1973 -- LITTLE ROCK AFB, ARKANSAS - In 1973, conventional teams were saddled with the MC1 free-fall parachute 1 and the possibility of upgrading to the new Para-Commander (then used by Air Commando CCTs) was not likely.
Working with MSgt Wayne Viars - an FFA certified Master Rigger - Chief Adcock (an FFA certified Senior Rigger) floated a recommendation to Colonel Dick Sigman (CCA LM-001) to modify the MC1 by adding the AP28S-18 static line parachute canopy. At that time Sigman was the lead combat controller at Headquarters, Tactical Air Command (TAC).
Viars and Adcock hatched the idea 2
of purchasing commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) sleeves for the more robust AP-28S-18
static-line canopies. The Dash-18 canopies were readily available and
the inverted TU-Cut offered greater forward drive (approximately 15-knots), while toggle lines provided
geatly-improved steering.
Within weeks, TAC approved the tests and Colonel Sigman was assigned as Project Manager. To assure rapid testing and TAC-wide acceptance of the new MC1-2 configuration, Sigman ordered that each CONUS CCT furnish at least one combat controller to participate in the tests at Little Rock AFB. The TAC Test Plan called for not-less-than 100 successful jumps, with zero malfunctions. After assembling more than two-dozen rigs, the tests began on 3 October 1973.
MAC THE KEY TO A CCT RENAISSANCE
by
Gene Adcock, CMSgt, USAF (CCT) Retired
JUNE 1975 - SCOTT AFB, ILLINOIS - Arguably, the 1975 consolidation of most Combat Control Teams under the Military Airlift Command (MAC) was a bright new beginning for CCT. Before the consolidation CCTs operated under:
Generally speaking the teams assigned to the first six commands (listed above) were considered to be conventional teams, while the 1st SOW team was most often called the special operations team. All CCT operations generally followed TAC guidelines, but each command supplemented the TAC Operations Manual.
MAC CONSOLIDATION: In mid-1975, the US Air Force reorganized, making a major realignment in the airlift fleet. The strategic fleet (long-haul aircraft) had always been assigned to the Military Airlift Command, at Scott AFB, Illinois. Subordinate commands under the MAC umbrella and also headquartered at Scott included the Air Rescue Service; with their Pararescue teams and the Air Weather Service; with their combat weather teams.
The reorganization was a major shift for the tactical airlift fleet (in-theater carriers). Air Divisions and Squadrons of C-130s, C-7As, C-123 - assigned to TAC, PACAF, ACC, USAFE and Southern Command - were reassigned to MAC. MAC now had control over all USAF Airlifters and Combat Control Teams, with the exception of those assigned to the 1st SOW at Hurlburt AFB, FL.
In May 1975, Major Vince Campisi was the only Combat Controller assigned to MAC. For some time, Campisi had been the lone Combat Controller there; he was well established and a highly respected member of the Director of Operations Staff. As part of the realignment, Campisi was directed to pull two senior NCOs from the field to man the newly formed positions on the MAC Inspector General (IG) Staff. Campisi selected CMSgt Gene Adcock, from the TAC Combat Control Team at Little Rock AFB, AR and from MAC, he selected MSgt Jack Hughes from MAC’s Combat Crew Training Squadron at Altus AFB, OK. By mid-July 1975, both were in place and working plans for Combat Control inspection criteria. However, in their spare time, they worked command-related issues with Campisi.
WORKING WITH THE MAC STAFF - Beyond their IG work, Campisi had other ideas for the newly arrived Combat Controllers. With the MAC consolidation came mountains of administrative work, writing and rewriting tactics, techniques, procedures and administrative documents that incorporated and integrated CCTs from six different commands.
Campisi assigned Adcock the responsibility of formalizing a CCT-unique uniform and drafting new Combat Controller of the Year awards. At the same time, Hughes - a long-time air traffic controller before becoming a combat controller - worked ATC operational issues. (Editors Note: Adcock and Hughes first met on a Vietnam Landing Zone in July 1965. Hughes was an air traffic controller assigned to the 5th Mobile Communications Squadron (5th MOB). The 5th MOB was setting up a semi-permanent control tower to replace the temporary ATC operation established by the CCT.)
For years, Combat Controllers boot legged uniform traditions that were common to US Army Special Forces, Airborne Divisions and even Air Force PJs. In those days, combat controllers wearing a beret and blousing Class A uniforms had a Unit Commander’s CCT-uniform letter in his wallet. The letter described the special uniform and was the authority document presented to anxious Air Policemen and Second Lieutenants who questioned the nonstandard uniform. Campisi and Adcock wanted to formalize the special uniform authority.
EVOLUTION OF THE BERET EMBLEM - In 1975, Major Campisi was working very closely with a female Staff Sergeant who was assigned to the Scott AFB Graphics Shop. They had worked together on several projects and had developed a close working relationship; often bootlegging favors for each other. Campisi asked the Sergeant to draft the design for a new CCT Beret Emblem, using an old Vietnam-era design as the baseline.
When the design was completed, MSgt Jack Hughes worked with a casting house in the St. Louis area to produce a prototype and work up an estimated cost for making the first batch. At the same time, Adcock was working with the teams to gather off-line funding for the first batch of 250. Needless to say, the plan came together and by the end of 1975, the teams had a new beret emblem to go along with their newly approved uniform.
Evolution of the CCT Beret Crest.
Shown above (left to right) are the Vietnam-era CCT crest; the original Military Airlift Command (1975) beret flash;
a
miniature beret flash in a color scheme - it copies that of the first
crest; and a miniature beret flash
with LAT-LONG
lines added and the DAY-NIGHT color scheme. (Gene Adcock collection)
AIRCREW NAME BADGE FOR FIELD UNIFORM - Another dramatic change, was one that added the aircrew (black with silver letters) name tag to camouflage fatigues. At the time, there was no standard for marking USAF field uniforms and Adcock saw the Air Force unique name tag as the perfect solution. The black plastic name tag included name, rank, USAF and parachutist badge and the Velcro made it easy to attach or detach, as necessary. It was especially useful for sanitizing the uniform for combat operations and training. Within a year, most USAF (and some of the sister-service) field uniforms were sporting the same nameplate.
COMBAT CONTROLLER OF THE YEAR AWARD - In addition to uniform supplement, Adcock wrote and implemented the Combat Controller of the Year Awards. Pararescue already had the perfect format and it was approved by the MAC staff several years earlier. Taking the easy route, Adcock did a simple cut and paste of the Rescue document and within weeks it was approved without staff comment.